The
PSMSL is operated at the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL), Bidston
Observatory under the auspices of the International Council for Science (ICSU),
and is a member of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis
Services (FAGS). The PSMSL reports to the International Association for the
Physical Sciences of the Ocean Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides
(IAPSO/CMSLT) and has an Advisory Board consisting of scientists expert in each
area of sea level research. Annual reports on the work of the PSMSL are
circulated each year to the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), IAPSO, FAGS, and other
relevant bodies and are available publicly via the web at: http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/
This
same web page also serves as a source of PSMSL data and ancillary information.
Mr. Graham Alcock took early retirement in 2000. Graham was
closely involved in PSMSL and GLOSS matters for over 20 years, being the main
organiser of over 10 GLOSS training courses, having represented PSMSL and GLOSS
at many international meetings, and having authored several important GLOSS
reports. Dr. Philip Axe also left PSMSL and POL in 2000 to take up an
appointment in Sweden and is now based at SMHI.. Of particular note during 2001
was the MBE (Member of the British Empire) awarded by the Queen to Mrs. Elaine
Spencer in the 2001 New Year’s Honours List. Elaine was PSMSL Technical
Secretary between 1974 and 1999. The development of the PSMSL data set formed
part of the citation for the award. Two new scientists joined the PSMSL in 2002
following increased funding received from the UK Natural Environment Research
Council. The first was Dr. Svetlana Jevrejeva from Tallinn in Estonia, who has
published a number of papers on climate variability including studies of sea
ice changes in the Baltic related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The second
was Dr. Simon Holgate from Liverpool University who has a background in
sea-level related geology, geography and palaeo-carbon flux studies. Svetlana
and Simon will lead the PSMSL data collection in future, with some continued
assistance from Mrs. Rose Player.
On average, approximately 1500 station-years of data were
entered into the PSMSL database during each year of the period. This compares
well to rates obtained in previous years. Most data originated from Europe,
North America and Japan, but all regions are represented in the receipts at
some level. Important data gaps in South America, Africa and parts of Asia are
receiving special attention as part of the JCOMM GLOSS programme (see below).
Figure 1 indicates the locations from which data were received during
1999-2003. Comparison to the corresponding figure produced in the PSMSL report
for the IUGG in 1999 shows slightly fewer stations this time in Africa and
South America and considerably more in the Arctic. The main method for
distribution of PSMSL data is now unquestionably the internet, almost all other
methods now having been abandoned. However, regular CDs and now DVDs are
produced as backups and for people in some countries without good web access. A
DVD was produced in 2002 with the PSMSL data set as part of the final
conference of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), containing all
tide gauge data collected during the programme.
The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is a project
of the Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) of the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and World Meteorological
Organisation (WMO). One of the main aims of GLOSS is to improve the quality and
quantity of data supplied to the PSMSL. GLOSS has been one of the first
components of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). GLOSS network status as
perceived by the PSMSL is reviewed each year and can be found at http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/programmes/gloss.info.html while
a review of progress within the programme has been prepared by the PSMSL as a
‘GLOSS Adequacy Report’ submission to the 2003 IOC Assembly. Meetings of the
GLOSS Group of Experts, which is the management committee for the programme,
have been held every two years alongside scientific and technical workshops.
GLOSS training courses have been held in many countries since the mid-1980s.
Since 1999, courses have been held in Brazil (1999), Saudi Arabia (2000),
Guatemala (2001), India (2003), Chile (2003) and Malaysia (2003). (The
Guatemala and India courses were not official IOC-funded GLOSS courses but had
significant GLOSS participation). The GLOSS training programme also includes
web based materials, training manuals, newsletters and tidal software. As an example
of training materials, the PSMSL with some support from GLOSS funded Dr. Glenn
Milne of the University of Durham to produce maps of sea level change through
the Holocene period, showing the changes in coastlines which resulted. A joint
project between the IOC International Oceanographic Data and Information
Exchange (IODE) Committee, GLOSS and PSMSL to conduct a ‘data archaeology’
survey of historical sea level records, was begun by Dr. Lesley Rickards. This
project has the aim of extending existing time series and gaining access to
observations which are not in digital form.
A European Union (EU) funded sea level study called SELF-2
for the Mediterranean was completed during the period with PSMSL and POL
participation, with concentration at POL on mean sea level changes, storm surge
modelling, absolute gravity and tidal loading. The EU EOSS project aimed to
enhance sea level (tide gauges) and land level (GPS) monitoring, and associated
data exchange in Europe, primarily by sets of bilateral (i.e. no new cost)
agreements. That project ended in September 2001 with an international
conference in Dubrovnik, Croatia, and was followed by Calls for Participation
in a new European Sea Level Service (ESEAS) which it is hoped will continue and
extend the work of EOSS, and put the provision of sea and land level
information from Europe on a sounder basis. In 2000, Dr. Woodworth attended the
first Coordination Meeting of the MedGLOSS programme at Haifa, Israel organised
by Dr. Dov Rosen. MedGLOSS is a joint programme of the International Commission
for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea (CIESM) and IOC and
aims to install and coordinate a network of gauges for the Mediterranean and
Black Seas.
Participation has continued in European and US altimeter
working groups during the period. Dr. Woodworth is a Principal Investigator for
the TOPEX/POSEIDON and JASON-1 missions and of particular interest to the PSMSL
is the symbiosis between altimetry and tide gauge measurements with gauges
being used extensively by the project to calibrate the altimeter data set.
During 2001, Dr. Xiaojun Dong from the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory joined
the sea level group at POL through a Fellowship from the Royal Society, with
the object of researching the best methods for ongoing altimeter calibration
using tide gauge data. This resulted in one paper being accepted for
publication in Marine Geodesy with other work in progress. Drs. Woodworth and
Hughes of POL have during the period been members of the Mission Advisory Group
(MAG) of the European Space Agency (ESA) Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean
Circulation Experiment (GOCE) mission which is planned for launch in 2006. This
is a major development for ocean circulation and sea level studies in the next
decade. Drs. Hughes and Woodworth are also involved in the use of data from the
US-German Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE).
In 1997, an important meeting on tide gauge benchmark fixing
was held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, prior to the fifth meeting of the
GLOSS Experts (GE5). This meeting was organised jointly by the IGS Central
Bureau, the PSMSL and IOC/GLOSS and resulted in an excellent workshop report on
the use of GPS at gauge sites for measuring long term changes in vertical land
movements and for altimeter calibration. In 1999 and 2001, follow-up meetings
were held in Toulouse, France and Honululu, USA alongside GE6 and GE7
respectively. In September 2002, a study week was organised on vertical crustal
motion and sea level change and on the use of GPS at tide gauges in Toulouse.
The week included the development of the TIGA project at GFZ, Germany which
aims to better understand the uncertainties in the use of GPS in this role
further, and was held under the auspices of the IGS/PSMSL/IAPSO/IAG/GLOSS
CGPS@TG working group which had been formed at the 1997 JPL meeting. As part of
CGPS@TG work, regular surveys have been conducted on behalf of the PSMSL, EUREF
and other organisations on the availability of permanent GPS stations near to
tide gauges by Dr. Guy Woppelmann of the University of La Rochelle.
The PSMSL has a responsibility to not only collect and
redistribute sea level information, but also to analyse data and publish
scientific results. The main papers published each year are listed in PSMSL
Annual reports. However, three important ones may be mentioned here. The Third
Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
was published during 2001 with Chapter 11 on sea level changes led by Dr. J.
Church (Australia) and Dr. J. Gregory (UK) and with Dr. Woodworth as a Lead
Author. In 2002 a major paper was published by Dr. Woodworth and others on the
use of tide gauges during WOCE. Finally, a review paper of the work of the
PSMSL was published in the Journal of Coastal Research in 2003.
GLOUP . The PSMSL is responsible to the IAPSO Commission on
Mean Sea Level and Tides for the maintenance of the data base of pelagic
(bottom pressure recorder) information. This data base, called GLOUP (Global
Undersea Pressures), was maintained during the period by Dr. Chris Hughes and
can be inspected at: http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmslh/gloup/gloup.html
Mr. Philip Knight of POL has written a newsgroup type
software called the ‘PSMSL Forum’ which allows discussion via emails of matters
of importance to the PSMSL, such as developments in tide gauge technology or
sea level research. The software is presently being tested by volunteers and
the utility of such a forum will be assessed during 2003. The opportunity has
been taken whenever possible to publicise the work of the PSMSL in newspapers
and on radio and TV. Presentations were given in the period in all three media
in several countries and details can be found in the PSMSL Annual Reports.
Plans have advanced for POL’s relocation from Bidston Observatory to a new
building on the campus of Liverpool University in September 2003. This will
include the relocation of the PSMSL. Our new postal address and phone and fax
numbers will be advertised on the PSMSL web pages as soon as possible but our
email and web addresses will be unchanged. We expect that any disruption to the
work of the PSMSL will be temporary. It can be seen that 1999-2003 has been a
further active period with regard to important workshops and conferences, and a
busy one with regard to data acquisition and analysis. Particular thanks as
usual go to PSMSL staff, and also to the staff of the Proudman Oceanographic
Laboratory who provide the extended Service.