S. Zerbini
The
Terms of Reference of the Commission on Crustal Deformation (Commission XIV)
are described in the following.
Space geodetic measurements
provide nowadays the mean to observe deformation and movements of the Earth’s
crust at global, regional and local scale. This is a considerable contribution
to global geodynamics by supplying primary constraints for modeling the planet
as a whole on the one hand, but also for understanding geophysical phenomena
occurring at smaller scales. There are many geodetic signals, which can be
observed and are representative of the deformation mechanisms of the Earth’s
crust at different spatial and temporal scales. The time scales range from
seconds to million of years in the case of plate tectonics and from millimeters
to continental dimension for the spatial scales.
Gravimetry, both absolute and
relative, is a powerful tool providing information to the global terrestrial
gravity field and its temporal variations. Superconducting gravimeters allow a
continuous acquisition of the gravity signal at a given site with precision of
10-10. This is important in order to be able to detect and model
environmental perturbing effects as well as the weak gravity signals associated
with vertical crustal movements of the order of mm/yr.
These geodetic observations
together with other geophysical and geological sources of information provide
the mean to understanding the structure, dynamics and evolution of the Earth
system.
Commission XIV comprises the
following sub-Commissions:
1.
Working
group of European Geoscientists for the Establishment of Networks for Earth
science Research (WEGENER, Chair: Luisa Bastos, Portugal);
encompassing most of the
tectonically active areas of the Planet. The sub-Commissions deal with main
scientific objectives having common general aspects and, in parallel to these
objectives, follow the development of technology and measurement techniques
capable to best fulfil the scientific objectives. This allows a close
interaction between the various sub-Commissions, which shall organize, on a
regular basis, conferences or assemblies of the sub-Commissions themselves or,
for selected scientific and technological subjects of common interest to most
of them.
Primary, general objectives
of Commission XIV are:
Commission XIV has the
following structure:
Bureau
President:
Susanna
Zerbini (Italy, zerbini@df.unibo.it)
Vice-Presidents:
Hans-Gert
Kahle (Switzerland, hans-gert.kahle@geod.baug.ethz.ch)
Bernd
Richter (Germany, bernd.richter@bkg.bund.de)
Secretary:
Tonie VanDam
(Luxembourg, tvd@ecgs.lu)
Members:
Rodrigo
Barriga (Chile) rbarriga@igm.cl
Luisa
Bastos (Portugal) lcbastos@oa.fc.up.pt
Geoffrey
Blewitt (USA) gblewitt@unr.edu
Yehuda
Bock (USA) ybock@ucsd.edu
Claude
Boucher (France) boucher@ensg.ign.fr
Carine
Bruyninx (Belgium) C.Bruyninx@oma.be
Eric
Calais (France) calais@faille.unice.fr
Alessandro
Capra (Italy) alessandro.capra@mail.ing.unibo.it
Ludwig
Combrink (South Africa) ludwig@hartrao.ac.za
James
Davis (USA) jdavis@cfa.harvard.edu
Martine
Feissel (France) feissel@ensg.ign.fr
Alejandro
Gutiérrez (Costa Rica) gechever@una.ac.cr
Michael
Pearlman (USA) mpearlman@cfa.harvard.edu
Christoph
Reigber (Germany) reigber@gfz-potsdam.de
Robert
Reilenger (USA) reilinger@erl.mit.edu
Hans-Geog
Scherneck (Sweden) hgs@oso.chalmers.se
C.
K. Shum (USA) ckshum@osu.edu
Janusz
Sledzinsky (Poland) sledzinski@gik.pw.edu.pl
Shuhua
Ye(China) ysh@center.shao.ac.cn
The Commission XIV Bureau met on four occasions:
·
September
21, 2000, San Fernando, Spain;
·
December 17,
2000, San Francisco, USA;
·
March 29,
2001, Nice, France;
·
September 4,
2001, Budapest, Hungary.
The last Bureau meeting will take place in July 2003,
in Sapporo, during next IUGG.
During the first meeting, the Board membership,
Subcommissions organization and Commission activities were discussed and
revised. During the subsequent meetings particular attention was given to
support and coordinate the work carried out by the Subcommissions. In
particular, the Bureau agreed that a major activity of Commission XIV be the
support to the formation of a global "velocity field" from the combination
of regional contributions along the lines of the GPSVEL Project (see WEGENER
section of this report).
A meeting with the representatives of the Central
(including the Caribbean area) and South America Subcommission took place in
Miami prior to the December 2000 Bureau meeting in San Francisco. They agreed
to survey the relevant activities underway and the resources available. The
South America co-chair announced the international Symposium on "Recent
Crustal Deformation in South America and Surrounding Areas". This event,
supported by the Commission took place in Santiago, Chile, in October 2002 (see
South America section of this report).
Commission XIV co-sponsored the "Tenth International Symposium on Recent Crustal
Movements held in Helsinki, Finland, August 27-31, 2001. There were more than
70 participants in the symposium and 60 presentations covering a wide variety
of topics. As a result, a special issue of the Journal of Geodynamics (2003)
has been produced containing 13 manuscripts.
Commission XIV has a web site
at the following address: http://www.df.unibo.it/commXIV/.
In the following the activities
of the Subcommissions are described.
Journal of Geodynamics, Special Issue, Crustal Deformation,
2003, vol. 35 N. 4-5.
During the period 1999-2003
the main objectives of the WEGENER sub- commission were maintained. Therefore,
the activities were centered on:
·
study of the
three-dimensional deformations and gravity along the African-Eurasian plate
boundaries and in the adjacent deformation zones in order to contribute to a
better understanding of the associated geodynamical processes;
·
monitoring
of three-dimensional deformations in a large region centered around
Fennoscandia in order to determine the magnitude and extent of the present-day
postglacial rebound in that area, thereby extending our knowledge about the
viscoelastic properties of the Earth;
·
investigation
of height and sea-level variations in order to identify and separate the
processes contributing to these variations.
Within this period the
WEGENER board had the following meetings:
· Nice,
France, April, 27, 2000;
· San Fernando, Spain,
September, 21, 2000;
· Nice, France, March 26, 2001;
· Budapest, Hungary,
September, 5, 2001;
· Athens, Greece, June
14, 2002.
The main decisions and outcomes
of these meetings were:
· to promote the cooperation of
researchers from different geosciences and to strengthen the cooperation with
African research groups with enlargement of activities in Africa;
· to
support the GPSVEL project, managed by Geoffrey Blewitt, by promoting the interest
and willingness to provide GPS data/solutions within the WEGENER area of
interest. As a result, several contributions were sent including solutions from
more than 100 stations distributed all over Europe;
· to
support the interest for the realisation of a coordinating
Center that could produce "WEGENER
solutions" mainly (but not exclusive) from permanent GPS stations and
episodic campaigns. There was agreement on the realisation of such a
center that should also address issues such as data quality and control and
comparison of processes and products. As a first step, the WEGENER Directing
Board decided to start the setup of a Data Base Center supporting the
generation of a detailed velocity field in the WEGENER study area. This may be
seen as a part of the global GPSVEL-Project (Blewitt et al., 2000).
This project should start with the collection and
combination of GPS and other solutions for coordinates and/or velocity
estimates. The center should act in order to guarantee the quality for non-IGS
or non-EUREF sites, and should not superimpose, but be complimentary to these
Services, by dedicating also special attention to the use of GPS data from
episodic campaigns.
A second step should be the
application of an integrated approach to a selected region where data from
different geosciences would be jointly analyzed and interpreted.
A first a document entitled “Processing and
Submission Guidelines for GPS Solutions to be integrated to a WEGENER Data
Base” was prepared by Matthias Becker, Carine Bruyninx and Rui Fernandes to be
disseminated among potential contributors. This document contains guidelines
and requirements to be followed for submission of solutions to such a Center and concentrates on how GPS campaigns of finite duration
can be processed and correctly tied to the ITRF.
It was first delivered to the participants of the 11th General Assembly
of the WEGENER project that took place in Athens in June 2002.
During the period 1999-2002,
two General Assemblies were organized. One took place at San Fernando, in
Spain, in September 2000, hosted by the Real Instituto Y Observatorio de la
Armada, and the other one at Vouliagmeni (Athens), in Greece, in June 2002,
hosted by the Department of Rural and Surveying Engineering of the National
Technical University of Athens. The main
themes for these Assemblies were:
· Geodynamics;
· Plate tectonics;
· Integrated
observation techniques.
Two special issues of
international journals were produced. In 2000, the Journal of Geodynamics
published a special issue, which compiles six manuscripts resulting from
presentations made during the eighth WEGENER general assembly. In 2002, a
special issue of Global and Planetary Change was published dealing with height
and sea-level variations resulting from the SELF II project .
One concern in the organization
of these Assemblies was to bring together researchers from different
disciplines (geodesy,
geophysics, geology, seismology, etc.) in
order to contribute to merge expertise and solutions towards a more
comprehensive and correct interpretation of the analysis results.
Special support was given to
the participation of Colleagues from North African Countries. Pursuing the goal
of taking the general Assemblies to different countries of the WEGENER area,
and with the purpose to strengthen the cooperation with North Africa, there was
a proposal for organizing the next
WEGENER Assembly in a North African Country. The Colleagues from Morocco kindly
agreed to host the next (12th) general assembly in 2004.
Blewitt G., Lavallée D., Clarke P.J.,
Nurutdinov, Holt W.E. Kreemer C., Meertens C.M. Shiver W.S., Stein S., 2000,
GPSVEL Project: Towards a Dense Global GPS Velocity Field. In Book of Extended
abstracts of the 10th General assembly of the WEGENER Project, San
Fernando, Spain, 18-20 September 2000, Boletin ROA, N.3/200,
Journal of Geodynamics, 2002, Special
Issue WEGENER: Observations and Models,
vol. 30, N. 3, pp.287-388.
Global and Planetary
Change, 2002, Special Issue Sea Level Fluctuations in the Mediterranean:
Interactions with Climate Processes, vol. 34, N. 1-2, pp 1-140.
Geodetic and Geodynamic Programs of the
Central European Initiative (CEI)
Plan of action of the CEI Section C
"Geodesy" includes:
·
realisation
of the Project CERGOP (Central Europe Regional Geodynamics Project) and
post-UNIGRACE (UNIfication of GRAvity system in Central and Eastern european
countries) actions;
·
activities
of 13 CERGOP Study Groups;
·
activities
of the CEGRN (Central European GPS Reference Network) Consortium and
·
actions of
two Section's Working Groups on University Education Standards and on Satellite
Navigation Systems;
·
cooperation
with the European Geophysical Society (EGS).
·
The first phase of the
Project CERGOP was concluded in 1998. Since 1998 the second phase of the
Project is being realized. The proposal of the second phase of the Project
CERGOP-2 "A Multipurpose and Interdisciplinary Sensor Array for
Environmental Research in Central Europe (CERGOP-2/Environment)” was selected
by the European Commission and will be financially supported during the next
three years. Fourteen European countries participate in the second phase of the
project and the total number of CERGOP-2 stations is 63. About 30 CERGOP-2
points are permanent stations that are also contributing to other international
projects. Many CEGRN sites are part of the IGS permanent network. Some CERGOP
Processing Centers are also EUREF Local Analysis Centers (EUREF LOC) and
process routinely data for the EPN (European Permanent Network). Monitoring GPS
CEGRN campaigns were performed in 1999 and 2001 (CERGOP-2). Next campaign is
scheduled for 2003. Five CERGOP Processing Centers compute velocity vectors of
the stations in the Central European area. One of the main parts of the
international activities within the CERGOP project is the work of CERGOP Study
Groups (CSG). At present, there are 13 study groups covering particular fields
of activity supporting the realisation of the Project and, in general, they
form the relevant ”workpackages” of the EU Project CERGOP-2/Environment. In
particular, the activities of seven study groups concern the geodynamics of
particular European regions such as the Eastern Alps and the North and Eastern
Adriatic Sea, Romania Plate, Pannonian Basin, Plitvice Lakes/Croatia, Tatra
Mountains, Northern Carpathians and Balkan Peninsula. A set of eight volumes of
geotectonic monographs was published; the publications include the main
scientific results obtained for the regions studied by CERGOP study groups and
summarize the main achievements of all studies. Suggestions are also presented
for the further continuation by means of advanced technologies.
The CERGOP was an impulse for
establishment of the CEGRN Consortium of institutes involved in the realisation
of the Project. The Consortium was created with the aim to maintain, currently
upgrade and develop the CEGRN established in the frame of CERGOP, as well as to
perform coordinated monitoring of satellite CEGRN campaigns and to organize and
maintain the CEGRN (CERGOP) Data and Processing Centers. The Consortium will
also be a seedbed of new European projects
and initiatives. At the moment 14 European institutions are members of the
Consortium.
The UNIGRACE project was
launched in 1997 as multipurpose interdisciplinary project and it ended in
2002. It consisted in the establishment of absolute gravity stations covering
the area from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and the Black Seas. It constitutes an excellent frame for the
connection of the national gravimetric networks and it provides a unified
precise gravity frame in Central and Eastern Europe linked to the Western
European network. Ten
absolute gravity intraplate and seven tide-gauge stations were measured in 12
countries. The gravity observations were carried out by means of five absolute
gravimeters from Austria, Finland, France, Germany and Poland. The observation
campaigns of the UNIGRACE project were successfully performed in 1998/1999 and
2000/2001. The analyses of the gravity data of the UNIGRACE campaigns indicate
that there are unclear considerable changes of the gravity values at some
absolute stations. These changes cannot be explained by accounting for the
effects of station point displacements, water table level variations,
atmospheric effects or other known factors. For this reason, all countries
participating in UNIGRACE agreed to continue, as a UNIGRACE follow-up action,
the further investigation of the gravity time variations/change at main
European stations. In 2003, a detailed programme of the project will be adopted
and the funding aspects will be discussed as well.
Section C Working Group on
University Education Standards organizes
yearly an international educational seminar/workshop or symposium. The subjects
of these events include satellite DGPS techniques and field training for
application to different geodetic purposes. Lately the WG has initiated close
cooperation with the professional organization FIG (Federation International de
Geometres). Working Group on Satellite Navigation Systems has organized several
planned actions in 2000, 2001 and in 2002. The actions considerably contribute
to exchange of information and to initiate the broad application of satellite
positioning systems to land, marine and air navigation in CEI countries.
Cooperation with EGS results in the yearly
organization of a symposium on the geodetic and geodynamic programs carried out
in the frame of the international cooperation of CEI countries.
CEI
Section C "Geodesy" and the Subcommission "Geodetic and Geodynamic Programs of the
Central European Initiative (CEI)" declares to supply and release to the
aims of the Commission XIV the following results:
·
results of
the GPS campaigns of CEGRN carried out in the frame of CERGOP;
·
velocity
vectors of about 60 sites in Central Europe computed by the CERGOP Processing
Centers from the CERGOP, EXTENDED SAGET, EUREF campaigns;
·
information
on progress in determination of quasi-geoid in the Tatra Mountains;
·
information
on local geodynamic projects realized in Central Europe within the CEI
bilateral and multilateral cooperation;
·
information
on work progress concerning the 7 CERGOP Study Subgroups CSG.5/i of the CSG.5
"Geotectonic analysis of the region of Central Europe";
·
information
on geotectonic monographs prepared by the CERGOP Study Subgroups CSG.5/i
"Geotectonic analysis of the region of Central Europe";
·
information
on progress in the realisation of the post-UNIGRACE actions.
CEI has developed a web page at the following
address: http://www.gik.pw.edu.pl/igwiag/cei.html
Asia-Pacific Space Geodynamics program (APSG)
The APSG was endorsed by the
IAG on its Boulder Meeting in 1995. The
early shape of APSG was formed in the First APSG Workshop, May 13-17, 1996 in
Shanghai, China. In Tahiti, French
Polynesia, May 12-16, the Second APSG Workshop was held. The Third APSG Workshop was held in Tsukuba,
Japan, on Oct. 20, 1999, along with the International GPS Symposium. The Fourth
APSG Workshop came back to Shanghai on May 14-19, 2001.
On the 2001 Shanghai Workshop, the Scientific Working
Group N. 4, Gravimetry in the Asia-Pacific Region, was established. Numbers
1-to-3 are Geodynamics and Natural Hazards of the Indo-Eurasian Collision,
Geodynamics and Natural Hazards of the Western Pacific Region and Impact of Sea
Level variations on the Asia-Pacific Region.
The Management Board consists of representatives from
9 Countries, namely: Australia, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, South
Korea, Russia and USA.
Beginning from 1997, APSG VLBI Experiments including
6 VLBI stations in the Asia-Pacific region were organized, to support the
yearly campaign of APRGP (Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project). Scientific results of the Scientific Working
groups mentioned above have been reported and exchanged on the APSG Workshops
and relevant meetings.
The Gravimetry Group has a plan to perform Precise
Gravity Observation in East Asia with Super Conducting and Absolute Gravimeters
(FG-5) in China, Japan and Indonesia, in the 2003-2005 time frame.
The Institute of Astronomy, RAS, and the Irkutsk
State Technical University organized an APSG International Seminar on Aug.
5-10, 2002, at Irkutsk, Russia. At this seminar, by recognizing the very broad
area of GPS applications with mm level of accuracy, a resolution on
establishing a Working Group on the Methods of GPS Measurements and Data Processing
was accepted. An International Seminar on this topic will be held in early June
2003, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, to exchange and discuss the optimal allocation of
observing networks, construction of geodetic monuments, analyses of GPS data,
comparison of different software, parameters and processing methods. The
seminar is timely and important for precise GPS measurements.
During the IAG/IUGG Meeting in Sapporo, a short APSG
meeting will be held to discuss the results in recent years and plans for the
future. The 5th APSG Workshop will be held in Hong Kong in 2004.
The Asia-Pacific region is been suffering for many
serious natural hazards, APSG needs to be strengthened, and all colleagues
interested in the program are warmly welcome to join.
The APSG Subcommission has a Web site at the
following address: http://center.shao.ac.cn/APSG and can be contacted at the
following e-mail: apsg@center.shao.ac.cn.
The activities in South America were mainly concerned
with the establishment of RONMAC (Red de Observacion de Nivel del Mar para
America Central) in Central America. The RONMAC project has been devised by the
U.S. Government in direct response to the impact of Hurricane Mitch on four
Central American countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and
Nicaragua. Participating Agencies are:
·
United
States Agency for International Development (USAID), Funding Agency ;
·
Center for
Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (CO-OPS/NOAA), of the US Department of Commerce, as
Administrating Agency ;
·
Unit for
Sustainable Development and Environment of the Organization of American States
(OAS/USDE), as Executing Agency;
·
Regional
Committee for Water Resources (CRRH), as Regional Coordinating Agency;
·
National
agencies in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, as direct
counterparts and beneficiaries of the RONMAC project.
The main objectives of this project are: a) support
development and improvement of the geodetic framework of Central America; b)
provide basic meteorological data to national and regional agencies; c)
sea-level monitoring and establishment of long-term means sea level data
series. At present, there are 11 operational RONMAC stations in Central
America: Panama (2), Nicaragua (2), Honduras (1), El Salvador (3), Guatemala
(2), Belize (1). There are also five satellite transmitting meteo-marine
stations in Costa Rica to be upgraded as RONMAC type. LABCODAT has been
established as a data quality control and spare parts center in Costa Rica.
Two training courses have been offered to Central
American Meteorology and Geophysics technicians with the aim of providing them
with the tools for appropriately operate and maintain the stations. Periodic
refreshing courses will be conducted in the future.
RONMAC Web site (http://www.oas.org/ronmac/) where
the user may download the data every three hours is available. Annual tide
tables have been included in this site. It is expected this year the inclusion
of a larger number of local predictions as well as periodic sea level and SST
monthly control maps.
In
October 2002, an IAG international Symposium entitled "Recent Crustal
Deformation in South America and Surrounding Areas", took place in
Santiago de Chile. It was organized in 7 sessions, in which 41 oral and 25
poster presentations were given. Scientists from several countries attended.
This event gave also the opportunity to south American geodesy practitioners
and students to acquire new knowledge and experience from major experts in the
field.
In
parallel with the above-mentioned Symposium, a meeting dedicated to SIRGAS was
held. The Geocentric Reference System for South America is intended to establish
and maintain a reference network, together with defining a geocentric Datum. At
this meeting, the current situation in each of the countries involved regarding
the Reference Framework was presented. The main topic was the mission set for
each country for the vertical control of data covering the continent.
The
presence in Chile at Conception of the Transportable Integrated Geodetic
Observatory (TIGO) is of major importance because of the increased interest
that this generates for geodetic research on the continent. This is, in fact,
the first and only fiducial geodetic station operating in South America.
The Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
(HartRAO) has in the past four years developed its Space Geodesy Programme to
the extent that it has become one of five fiducial geodetic installations in
the world. The three major space geodetic techniques; VLBI, SLR and GPS are
supported. A DORIS system is also collocated with these three systems.
VLBI: 17 % of the 26 m radio telescope time has been
allocated to geodetic VLBI, this leads to an average of 56, 24-hour experiments
per year. Upgrade to MKV disk cartridge to replace the thin tape system has
been budgeted for to keep abreast of latest developments.
SLR: MOBLAS6 achieved operational status in mid 2001,
achieved superior performance level in mid 2002, and is constantly in the top
ten SLR tracking sites as far as performance is concerned.
GPS: HartRAO joined the TIGA pilot project of the IGS
as regional data enter and associate analysis center, in addition to being an
IGS regional data center. Two GPS systems have been collocated with tide
gauges, a further similar system is in progress. To support densification of
the ITRF and the GPSVEL project, a total of seven permanent GPS systems have
been installed, two of which are in other countries (Botswana and Zambia). A
project has been established to equip each of the 14 Southern Africa
Development Community (SADC) countries with at least one permanent GPS system.
This will contribute greatly towards studies of the East African Rift system,
evaluation of the African plate motion as consisting of the Nubian and Somalian
plates, and will facilitate the conversion of the SADC region from obsolete
datums (e.g. Clark 1880) to ITRF.
Several projects have been initiated to further the
study of crustal dynamics. Analysis of data and development of reduction
techniques is showing great promise to determine vertical crustal motion due to
earth tide effects as determined by GPS. This will allow calibration of gravity
changes due to earth tide effects at installations such as superconducting
gravimeters, and the longer term component could be used to calibrate satellite
(e.g. CHAMP) orbits.
HartRAO has collaborated with several institutions to
develop space geodetic applications in the region, especially for geodynamics.
Future plans include the conversion of MOBLAS6 to a Lunar Laser Ranging
capability and the replacement of MOBLAS6 with an SLR2000 system.
The sub-commission promoted activities contributing
to the study of crustal deformation processes in Antarctica and enhanced the
co-operation with the GIANT (Geodetic Infrastructure of Antarctica) program of
SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) WGGGI (Working Group on
Geodesy and Geographic Information). The geodynamics studies were performed in
close collaboration with the members of the SCAR Antarctic Neotectonics Group
of Specialists (ANTEC), an interdisciplinary group empanelled to improve the
understanding of the unique character of the neotectonics regime of the
Antarctic plate.
The main activities focused on:
· periodic
measurement campaigns for crustal deformation monitoring continued in 2001,
2002 and 2003 as well as field campaigns by GPS networks and GPS permanent
trackers. At continental level, observations were performed within the SCAR GPS
Epoch (Dietrich et al., 2001) and, at regional level, within VLNDEF (Victoria
Land Network for DEFormation control) and TAMDEF (Trans Antarctic Mountain
DEFormation control). These latter ones were carried out by the Italian Geodesy
Project (Capra et al., 2001) and by the NSF scientific Project (Hothem et al.
02).
·
Development
of permanent geodetic observatories (GPS, DORIS, VLBI, tide gauges, absolute
and cryogenic gravimetry) and the applications of collocation techniques.
Integration of local and regional networks was encouraged, particularly by the
data processing for international reference frame definition. AUSLIG
(Australia) started the TIGA Project, a GPS Tide Gauge benchmark monitoring
Pilot Project, regarding the whole Antarctica continent.
Capra A., Gandolfi S., Mancini F.,Sarti
P., Vittuari L.(2001) VLNDEF project:
geodetic contribution to
geodynamics study of Victoria land, Antarctica. Proceedings of Gravity, Geoid
and Geodynamics GG2000 IAG symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada, July 2000 ,pp.
379-385.
Capra A., Gandolfi S., Mancini
F.,Sarti P., Vittuari L . (2001)
“VLNDEF project for crustal deformation control of northern Victoria
land”. AGS ’01 (Antarctic Geodesy
Symposium), St.Petersburg, Luglio 2001, SCAR Report N.21, pp.8-10, January
2002.
Dietrich R., Dach R., Engelhardt G., Ihde
J., Korth W., Kutterer H.J., Lindner K., Mayer M., Menge F., Miller H., Muller
C., Niemeier W., Perlt J., Pohl M., Salbach H., Schenke H.W., Scohne T., Seeber
G., Veit A., Volksen C. (2001) “ITRF coordinates and plate velocities from
repeated GPS campaigns in Anatrctica – an analysis based on ndifferent
individual solutions”. Journal of Geodesy,74:756-766.
Hothem L., Wilson T., Willis M. (2002)
“TAMDEF. GPS measurements of bedrock crustal deformations. Reports of AGS 02
Symposium, Wellington, N.Z.
http://www.scar-ggi.org.au/geodesy/ags02/